Communication system and communication device

ABSTRACT

A communication apparatus includes a short-range communication unit and a long-range communication unit that communicates via electromagnetic waves in a range wider than a communication area of the short-range communication unit. The communication apparatus further includes a session key generating unit that generates a random number and uses the random number to generate a session key. In addition, the communication apparatus includes an encrypting unit that encrypts the session key. The communication apparatus uses an encryption key transmitted from an external communication apparatus to encrypt the session key into an encrypted session key, transmits the encrypted session key to the external communication apparatus, and receives from the external communication apparatus a communication switching request signal to request a switching from a short-range communication by the short-range communication unit to a long-range communication, with the session key, the long-range communication unit.

TECHNICAL FIELD

The present invention relates to a communication system and a securecommunication apparatus, which are capable of transmitting and receivingdata by wireless communication.

BACKGROUND ART

Communication systems in which information processing apparatuses, suchas computers, are connected to each other with wireless communicationmeans, such as a WLAN (wireless local area network) or Bluetooth®, totransmit and receive information including files and data and to sharethe information are generally built along with advancement ofinformation technology.

In recent years, long-range-communication-function mounted apparatuses,in which communication devices capable of long range communication usingBluetooth or the like are mounted on mobile phones or personalcomputers, are used to transmit and receive large volume data includingmoving picture data and music data (for example, refer to JapaneseUnexamined Patent Application Publication No. 2003-324446).

In order to reduce the risk in security in the long-range datacommunication, introduction of data encryption processes becomes commoneven in the long range communication. The risk in security includessniffing of data by third parties with long-range-communication-functionmounted apparatuses and alternation of data.

It is necessary to identify communication partners in order to performthe encryption process in the long range communication adoptingBluetooth or the like. However, unexpectedlong-range-communication-function mounted apparatuses are possiblyidentified as the communication partners because of the widecommunication area of the long range communication.

Even if the communication partners are identified, it is necessary toshare a session key used for starting more secure communication betweenthe communication partners. However, there is a possibility that thesession key is sniffed and decrypted by the third parties with thelong-range-communication-function mounted apparatuses when the sessionkey is transmitted to the communication partner, because of the widecommunication area of the long range communication. Accordingly, it isnecessary to increase the strength of the session key, for example, bylengthening the keys and, therefore, to provide a higher processingpower to the long-range-communication-function mounted apparatuses.

Accordingly, it is an object of the present invention to provide new andimproved communication system and communication apparatus, which arecapable of easily identifying a communication partner and securelysharing a session key between the communication apparatus thecommunication partner even if the communication apparatus has aprocessing power that is not so high.

DISCLOSURE OF INVENTION

In order to resolve the above problems, according to a first aspect ofthe present invention, a communication system includes a plurality ofcommunication apparatuses. A first communication apparatus includesshort-range active communication means for transmitting an inquirysignal to a short-range external communication apparatus byelectromagnetic waves and waiting for a response to the inquiry signal;long-range communication means capable of communication by theelectromagnetic waves in a range wider than the communication area ofthe short-range active communication means; switching means forswitching to either the short-range active communication means or thelong-range communication means; and asymmetric key generating means forgenerating a pair of an encryption key and a decryption keycorresponding to the encryption key, the encryption key and thedecryption key in the pair being asymmetric to each other. A secondcommunication apparatus includes short-range passive communication meansfor receiving the inquiry signal from a short-range externalcommunication apparatus and transmitting a response signal in responseto the inquiry signal; long-range communication means capable ofcommunication by the electromagnetic waves in a range wider than thecommunication area of the short-range passive communication means;switching means for switching to either the short-range passivecommunication means or the long-range communication means; session keygenerating means for generating a random number and using the generatedrandom number to generate a session key; and encrypting means forencrypting the session key. The second communication apparatus uses theencryption key transmitted from the first communication apparatus toencrypt the session key into an encrypted session key and transmits theencrypted session key to the first communication apparatus. The firstcommunication apparatus uses the decryption key to decrypt the encryptedsession key into the session key and transmits to the secondcommunication apparatus a communication switching request signal torequest the switching to the long-range communication means andcommunication by using the long-range communication means.

The short-range active communication means may transmit identificationinformation allocated to the short-range active communication means tothe short-range passive communication means along with the encryptionkey, and the short-range passive communication means may transmitidentification information allocated to the short-range passivecommunication means to the short-range active communication means alongwith the encrypted session key to provide the identification informationof the communication partner to the long-range communication meansprovided in the first and second communication apparatuses.

In order to resolve the above problems, according to another aspect ofthe present invention, a communication apparatus includes short-rangeactive communication means for transmitting an inquiry signal to ashort-range external communication apparatus by electromagnetic wavesand waiting for a response to the inquiry signal; long-rangecommunication means capable of communication by the electromagneticwaves in a range wider than the communication area of the short-rangeactive communication means; switching means for switching to either theshort-range active communication means or the long-range communicationmeans; and asymmetric key generating means for generating a pair of anencryption key and a decryption key corresponding to the encryption key,the encryption key and the decryption key in the pair being asymmetricto each other. The communication apparatus uses the decryption key todecrypt an encrypted session key transmitted from the externalcommunication apparatus and transmits to the external communicationapparatus a communication switching request signal to request theswitching to the long-range communication means and communication byusing the long-range communication means.

The short-range active communication means may transmit identificationinformation allocated to the short-range active communication means tothe external communication apparatus along with the encryption key.

The short-range active communication means may transmit identificationinformation allocated to the short-range active communication means tothe external communication apparatus along with the encryption key andmay receive identification information allocated to the externalcommunication apparatus from the external communication apparatus alongwith the encrypted session key to provide the identification informationof the communication partner to the long-range communication meansprovided in the communication apparatus and the external communicationapparatus.

In order to resolve the above problems, according to another embodimentof the present invention, a second communication apparatus in acommunication apparatus includes short-range passive communication meansfor receiving an inquiry signal from a short-range externalcommunication apparatus and transmitting a response signal in responseto the inquiry signal; long-range communication means capable ofcommunication by electromagnetic waves in a range wider than thecommunication area of the short-range passive communication means;switching means for switching to either the short-range passivecommunication means or the long-range communication means; session keygenerating means for generating a random number and using the generatedrandom number to generate a session key; and encrypting means forencrypting the session key. The communication apparatus uses anencryption key transmitted from the external communication apparatus toencrypt the session key into an encrypted session key and transmits theencrypted session key to the first communication apparatus, and thecommunication apparatus receives from the external communicationapparatus a communication switching request signal to request theswitching to the long-range communication means and communication byusing the long-range communication means.

The short-range passive communication means may receive identificationinformation allocated to the external communication apparatus along withthe encryption key.

The short-range passive communication means may receive identificationinformation allocated to the external communication apparatus along withthe encryption key and may transmit identification information allocatedto the short-range passive communication means to the externalcommunication apparatus along with the encrypted session key to providethe identification information of the communication partner to thelong-range communication means provided in the communication apparatusand the external communication apparatus.

As described above, according to the present invention, since thecommunication partner can be easily identified in the short rangecommunication and the session key can be shared between thecommunication apparatus and the communication partner even if thecommunication apparatus has a processing power that is not so high, itis possible to reduce the risk of the session key that is sniffed anddecrypted and to achieve the long range data communication.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

FIG. 1 is a schematic diagram showing the structure of a communicationsystem according to an embodiment.

FIG. 2 is a block diagram schematically showing the structure of asecure communication apparatus according to an embodiment.

FIG. 3 is a block diagram schematically showing the structure of anothersecure communication apparatus according to an embodiment.

FIG. 4 is a block diagram schematically showing the structure of anactive communication unit according to an embodiment.

FIG. 5 is a sequence diagram schematically showing a series ofcommunication processing in the communication system, according to anembodiment.

FIG. 6 is a schematic diagram illustrating short range communicationbetween the secure-communication-function mounted apparatuses, accordingto an embodiment.

FIG. 7 is a schematic diagram illustrating a process of establishingsecure communication in the short range communication between thesecure-communication-function mounted apparatuses, according to anembodiment.

FIG. 8 is another schematic diagram illustrating the process ofestablishing secure communication in the short range communicationbetween the secure-communication-function mounted apparatuses, accordingto an embodiment.

BEST MODE FOR CARRYING OUT THE INVENTION

Preferred embodiments of the present invention will be described indetail with reference to the accompanying drawings. The same referencenumerals are used in the following description and the accompanyingdrawings to identify components having approximately the same functionsand structures. A duplicated description of such components is omittedherein.

A communication system according to an embodiment will now be describedwith reference to FIG. 1. FIG. 1 is a schematic diagram showing thestructure of the communication system according to this embodiment.

As shown in FIG. 1, the communication system according to thisembodiment includes at least multiple secure-communication-functionmounted apparatuses 10 (10 a, 10 b, . . . , 10 j).

Also as shown in FIG. 1, a mobile phone, a PDA (personal digitalassistant), a pen, a personal computer, and so on each include shortrange communication means according to Near Field Communication (NFC) orthe like, long range communication means using Bluetooth® or the like,and other wireless communication means to securely perform datacommunication of any kind.

The secure communication means that information is exchanged between thedifferent secure-communication-function mounted apparatuses 10 in astate in which the information is prevented from being sniffed oraltered by a third party with the secure-communication-function mountedapparatus 10 and the information is protected without hurting thesecurity or integrity of the information.

In the communication system shown in FIG. 1, one or more of thesecure-communication-function mounted apparatuses 10 a to 10 f must be areader-writer in order to establish the short range communication usingthe NFC technology.

The NFC technology in the short range communication uses anelectromagnetic wave transmitted from the reader-writer to establishdevice communication between an IC card and the reader-writer.

In addition, the NFC technology is superior in security to the wirelesscommunication, for example, using the Bluetooth or over a wireless LANin a physical aspect, because the communication range of the NFCtechnology, corresponding to the distance between devices, is as shortas about 10 cm. For example, it is difficult for a third party to sniffinformation with the secure-communication-function mounted apparatus 10when the NFC technology is used. Furthermore, the NFC technology has acharacteristic which is different from the characteristics of knowncommunication technologies and in which automatic update is performedwhen the secure-communication-function mounted apparatuses capable ofthe near field communication are positioned within a predeterminedrange.

Although the communication system according to this embodiment has thewireless communication function, for example, according to the NFC orusing the Bluetooth, the present invention is not limited to thisexample. The present invention is applicable to cases using any otherwireless communication protocols.

As described above, the NFC is a communication protocol for the shortrange communication by electromagnetic induction. Carrier waves having asingle frequency are used between the secure-communication-functionmounted apparatuses 10 in the NFC. For example, the frequency of thecarrier waves is equal to 13.56 MHz within ISM (Industrial ScientificMedical) band.

The short range communication means communication in which communicationapparatuses within a distance of about 10 cm communicate with eachother, and includes communication established by the apparatuses (or thecases of the apparatuses) with being in contact with each other. Thelong range communication means communication in which communicationapparatuses within a distance that is longer than that (about 10 cm) inthe short range communication communicate with each other. For example,in Bluetooth, the communication apparatuses within a distance shorterthan 10 m can communicate with each other.

Two communication modes, that is, a passive mode and an active mode areavailable in the NFC. In order to describe the two communication modes,the communication between the secure-communication-function mountedapparatus 10 a and the secure-communication-function mounted apparatus10 b, among the secure-communication-function mounted apparatuses 10 ato 10 f shown in FIG. 1, is exemplified.

In the passive mode, either the secure-communication-function mountedapparatus 10 a or the secure-communication-function mounted apparatus 10b (for example, the secure-communication-function mounted apparatus 10a) modulates an electromagnetic wave (the carrier wave corresponding tothe electromagnetic wave) that is generated by itself.

After the modulation, the secure-communication-function mountedapparatus 10 a transmits the modulated data to the othersecure-communication-function mounted apparatus, that is, thesecure-communication-function mounted apparatus 10 b. Thesecure-communication-function mounted apparatus 10 b performs loadmodulation to the electromagnetic wave (the carrier wave correspondingto the electromagnetic wave) generated by thesecure-communication-function mounted apparatus 10 a and returns themodulated data to the secure-communication-function mounted apparatus 10a.

In contrast, in the active mode, both the secure-communication-functionmounted apparatus 10 a and the secure-communication-function mountedapparatus 10 b modulate electromagnetic waves (carrier wavescorresponding to the electromagnetic waves) generated by themselves andtransmit the modulated data.

In the short range communication by electromagnetic induction, forexample, the near field communication, the apparatus that first outputsthe electromagnetic wave to start the communication and that has theinitiative of the communication is called an initiator. The initiatortransmits a command (request) to the communication partner and thecommunication partner returns a response in response to the command toestablish the short range communication. The apparatus that returns theresponse in response to the command from the initiator and that is thecommunication partner is called a target.

For example, when the secure-communication-function mounted apparatus 10e in FIG. 1 outputs an electromagnetic wave to start the communicationwith the secure-communication-function mounted apparatus 10 a, thesecure-communication-function mounted apparatus 10 e is the initiatorand the secure-communication-function mounted apparatus 10 a is thetarget.

In the passive mode, for example, when the secure-communication-functionmounted apparatus 10 j in FIG. 1 is the initiator and thesecure-communication-function mounted apparatus 10 g in FIG. 1 is thetarget, the secure-communication-function mounted apparatus 10 j, whichis the initiator, continuously outputs an electromagnetic wave,modulates the electromagnetic wave that is output by itself, andtransmits the data to the secure-communication-function mountedapparatus 10 g, which is the target. The secure-communication-functionmounted apparatus 10 g performs the load modulation to theelectromagnetic wave output from the secure-communication-functionmounted apparatus 10 j, which is the initiator, and transmits themodulated data to the secure-communication-function mounted apparatus 10j.

In contrast, in the data transmission in the active mode, thesecure-communication-function mounted apparatus 10 j, which is theinitiator, starts to output an electromagnetic wave, modulates theelectromagnetic wave, and transmits the modulated data to thesecure-communication-function mounted apparatus 10 g, which is thetarget. After the data transmission is terminated, thesecure-communication-function mounted apparatus 10 j stops theoutputting of the electromagnetic wave. Similarly, in the datatransmission, the secure-communication-function mounted apparatus 10 g,which is the target, also starts to output an electromagnetic wave,modulates the electromagnetic wave, and transmits the modulated data tothe secure-communication-function mounted apparatus 10 j, which is thetarget. After the data transmission is terminated, thesecure-communication-function mounted apparatus 10 g stops theoutputting of the electromagnetic wave.

The short range communication according to the NFC, described above, isused to perform a process of establishing secure communication accordingto this embodiment. The process of establishing secure communication isa communication start session in which a predetermined process isperformed at the start of secure data communication between apparatuses.As described below in detail, the process of establishing securecommunication according to this embodiment is a communication startsession capable of using the characteristic in that the near fieldcommunication is limited to a narrower range to further improve thesecurity, compared with known processes of establishing securecommunication.

Specifically, in the communication system according to this embodiment,when the data communication is performed between thesecure-communication-function mounted apparatuses 10, both of thesecure-communication-function mounted apparatuses 10 use the short rangecommunication, such as the near field communication, to perform theprocess of establishing secure communication before starting the datacommunication. In the process of establishing secure communication, forexample, a session key is shared with the communication partner and theshort range communication is switched to the long range communicationusing, for example, the Bluetooth® before the data communication isstarted.

With the above structure, performing the process of establishing securecommunication in the short range communication in advance before thedata communication is started can prevent confidential information, suchas the session key, from being sniffed to safely perform the long rangedata communication.

In the case of the Bluetooth communication, which is one kind of thelong range communication according to this embodiment, thesecure-communication-function mounted apparatus 10 can transmit data toanother secure-communication-function mounted apparatus 10 that isaround 10 m away from the original secure-communication-function mountedapparatus 10. Accordingly, if the secure-communication-function mountedapparatus 10 attempts to perform the process of establishing securecommunication in the long range communication, there is a possibilitythat data is sniffed by a third party within the communication area.

A secure communication apparatus 20 serving as an initiator, accordingto an embodiment, will now be described with reference to FIG. 2. FIG. 2is a block diagram schematically showing the secure communicationapparatus according to this embodiment.

As shown in FIG. 2, the secure communication apparatus 20 according tothis embodiment includes an active communication unit 101 capable of thenear field communication, an asymmetric key generator 102, a decryptor103, a long-range communication unit 104, an encryptor/decryptor 105,and a switching unit 111.

The secure communication apparatus 20 is provided inside or outside thesecure-communication-function mounted apparatus 10. Thesecure-communication-function mounted apparatus 10 can establish thedata communication with an external apparatus by the use of thecommunication function of the secure communication apparatus 20.

The active communication unit 101 is an initiator capable of theabove-described near field communication and generates anelectromagnetic wave for a passive communication unit, which is atarget, described below. An identifier (ID) used in the short rangecommunication or the long range communication is allocated in advance toand stored in the active communication unit 101. As shown in FIG. 2, anID “A” (ID A) is allocated to the active communication unit 101. The IDis not limited to the storage in the active communication unit 101 andmay be stored in any block as long as the block is provided with storingmeans. In addition, the ID allocated to the active communication unit101 is not limited to the ID A and any ID may be allocated to the activecommunication unit 101.

The asymmetric key generator 102 generates an asymmetric key that is apair of an encryption key and a decryption key. A plain text (data)encrypted with the encryption key (hereinafter sometimes referred to asa public key) can be decrypted only with the decryption key (hereinaftersometimes referred to as a secret key), which is one-half of thegenerated pair.

Among the keys generated by the asymmetric key generator 102, which isthe initiator, the encryption key is transmitted to a passivecommunication unit 106, which is a target, and is used as the encryptionkey when the session key is transmitted. The passive communication unit106 and the session key will be described below.

The encryption key and the decryption key, generated by the asymmetrickey generator 102, are based on a public key cryptosystem, such as aRivest Shamir Adleman (RSA) cryptosystem, an elliptic curvecryptosystem, or an ElGamal cryptosystem. In order to verify thevalidity of the generated encryption key, a digital certificateconforming to an international standard, such as X.509, may betransmitted along with the encryption key by, for example, Public KeyInfrastructure (PKI).

Although the asymmetric key generator 102 according to this embodimentgenerates the encryption key and the decryption key, which areasymmetric to each other, the present invention is not limited to thiscase. For example, the asymmetric key generator 102 may generate anencryption key and a decryption key, which are symmetric to each other(the encryption key and the decryption key are sometimes collectivelyreferred to as a common key).

The decryptor 103 decrypts encrypted data, such as an encrypted sessionkey, received by the active communication unit 101, with the decryptionkey generated by the asymmetric key generator 102. When the receivedencrypted data is the encrypted session key, the encrypted session keyis decrypted into a session key that is used as a common key forencryption and decryption in the communication with the long-rangecommunication unit 104, described below. The encryption and decryptionwith the common key is based on a secret key cryptosystem and has aprocessing speed that is several hundred to several thousand timeshigher than that of the encryption and decryption with the public key orthe secret key. Accordingly, the encryption and decryption with thecommon key has a lower processing load on the apparatus.

The long-range communication unit 104 has a function of transmitting andreceiving data in the long range communication using, for example, theBluetooth. When the data is transmitted in the long range communication,it is necessary to specify the ID (for example, ID B) of thecommunication partner, which is allocated in advance, and to transmitthe specified ID.

The encryptor/decryptor 105 decrypts the data received by the long-rangecommunication unit 104 with the session key decrypted by the decryptor103. Alternatively, the encryptor/decryptor 105 encrypts data to betransmitted from the secure-communication-function mounted apparatus 10to another secure-communication-function mounted apparatus 10. Theencrypted data is externally transmitted through the long-rangecommunication unit 104.

The switching unit 111 controls the operations of the activecommunication unit 101 and the long-range communication unit 104 toswitch the communication means in response to an external response. Forexample, when the decryptor 103 returns a response indicating that theencrypted session key has been decrypted, the switching unit 111controls the communication functions of the active communication unit101 and the long-range communication unit 104 to switch from the shortrange communication to the long range communication (handover). Theswitching between the short range communication and the long rangecommunication according to this embodiment will be described below.

A secure communication apparatus 22 according to an embodiment will nowbe described with reference to FIG. 3. FIG. 3 is a block diagramschematically showing the structure of the secure communicationapparatus according to this embodiment.

As shown in FIG. 3, the secure communication apparatus 22 according tothis embodiment includes the passive communication unit 106 capable ofthe near field communication, an encryptor 107, a random numbergenerator 108, a long-range communication unit 109, anencryptor/decryptor 110, and a switching unit 112.

The secure communication apparatus 22 is provided inside or outside thesecure-communication-function mounted apparatuses 10, like the securecommunication apparatus 20 described above.

The passive communication unit 106 shown in FIG. 3 is a target capableof the near field communication, described above, and can respond to theelectromagnetic wave transmitted from the initiator. The passivecommunication unit 106 can receive the electromagnetic wave from theinitiator to generate an electromagnetic wave and can return thegenerated electromagnetic wave.

An identifier (ID) used in the short range communication or the longrange communication is allocated in advance to and stored in the passivecommunication unit 106. As shown in FIG. 3, an ID “B” (ID B) isallocated to the passive communication unit 106. The ID is not limitedto the storage in the passive communication unit 106 and may be storedin any block as long as the block is provided with storing means. Inaddition, the ID allocated to the passive communication unit 106 is notlimited to the ID B and any ID may be allocated to the passivecommunication unit 106.

The encryptor 107 uses the encryption key, which is transmitted from theactive communication unit 101 being the initiator and is received by thepassive communication unit 106 being the target, to encrypt thegenerated data, such as the session key, and supplies the generatedencrypted data to the passive communication unit 106.

The random number generator 108 generates a random number having apredetermined number of digits at random. The generated random number isused as a bit pattern of the session key (hereinafter sometimes referredto as the random number). Since the bit pattern is the random numbergenerated at random, the bit pattern of the session key is not likely tobe guessed by a third party.

Although the random number generator 108 according to this embodimentis, for example, a circuit including hardware that performs sampling fora high-frequency oscillator circuit to generate a true random number,the random number generator 108 is not limited to such a circuit. Forexample, the random number generator 108 may be a computer programincluding one or more modules that generate a pseudo random number onthe basis of a seed, which is an input bit pattern.

Since the long-range communication unit 109, the encryptor/decryptor110, and the switching unit 112 according to this embodiment haveapproximately the same structures as the long-range communication unit104, the encryptor/decryptor 105, and the switching unit 111,respectively, shown in FIG. 2, a detailed description is omitted herein.

Although the secure communication apparatus 20 and the securecommunication apparatus 22 are separated from each other in the aboveembodiments, the present invention is not limited to this case. Forexample, the secure communication apparatus 20 and the securecommunication apparatus 22 (the initiator and the target) may beintegrated into one.

The active communication unit 101 according to this embodiment will nowbe described with reference to FIG. 4. FIG. 4 is a block diagramschematically showing the structure of the active communication unitaccording to this embodiment. Since the passive communication unit 106shown in FIG. 3 is structured in approximately the same manner as in theactive communication unit 101, a detailed description of the passivecommunication unit 106 is omitted herein.

As shown in FIG. 4, the active communication unit 101 according to thisembodiment includes an antenna 301, a receiver 303, a demodulator 305, adecoder 307, a data processor 309, an encoder 311, a selector 313, anelectromagnetic wave outputter 315, a modulator 317, a load modulator319, a controller 321, and a power supplier 323.

The antenna 301 is a closed loop coil and outputs an electromagneticwave in response to a variation in a current flowing through the coil. Avariation in the magnetic flux through the coil functioning as theantenna 301 causes the current to flow through the antenna 301.

The receiver 303 receives the current flowing through the antenna 30,performs at least tuning and detection, and supplies a signal to thedemodulator 305. The demodulator 305 demodulates the signal suppliedfrom the receiver 303 and supplies the demodulated signal to the decoder307. The decoder 307 decodes, for example, a Manchester code, which isthe signal supplied from the demodulator 305, and supplies dataresulting from the decoding to the data processor 309.

The data processor 309 performs predetermined processing on the basis ofthe data supplied from the decoder 307. The data processor 309 alsosupplies data to be transmitted to another apparatus to the encoder 311.

The encoder 311 encodes the data supplied from the data processor 309into, for example, a Manchester code and supplies the encoded data tothe selector 313. The selector 313 selects either the modulator 317 orthe load modulator 319 and supplies the signal supplied from the encoder311 to the selected modulator.

The selector 313 selects the modulator 317 or the load modulator 319under the control of the controller 321. The controller 321 controls theselector 313 so as to select the modulator 317 if the communication modeis the active mode or if the communication mode is the passive mode andthe active communication unit 101 is the initiator. The controller 321controls the selector 313 so as to select the load modulator 319 if thecommunication mode is the passive mode and the active communication unit101 is the target.

Accordingly, the signal output from the encoder 311 is supplied to theload modulator 319 through the selector 313 in the case where thecommunication mode is the passive mode and the active communication unit101 is the target. In contrast, the signal output from the encoder 311is supplied to the modulator 317 through the selector 313 in the othercases.

The electromagnetic wave outputter 315 applies, to the antenna 301, acurrent causing the antenna 301 to radiate a carrier wave (theelectromagnetic wave corresponding to the carrier wave) having apredetermined frequency. The modulator 317 modulates the carrier wave,which is the current supplied from the electromagnetic wave outputter315 and flowing through the antenna 301, in accordance with the signalsupplied from the selector 313. The antenna 301 radiates theelectromagnetic wave resulting from the modulation of the carrier wavein accordance with the data supplied from the data processor 309 to theencoder 311.

The load modulator 319 varies the impedance occurring when the coil isexternally viewed as the antenna 301 in accordance with the signalsupplied from the selector 313. If another apparatus outputs anelectromagnetic wave, which is a carrier wave, to form an RF field(magnetic field) around the antenna 301, the impedance occurring whenthe coil is viewed as the antenna 301 is varied to vary the RF fieldaround the antenna 301. As a result, the carrier wave, which is theelectromagnetic wave output from the other apparatus, is modulated inaccordance with the signal supplied from the selector 313 and the datasupplied from the data processor 309 to the encoder 311 is transmittedto the other apparatus outputting the electromagnetic wave.

The modulator 317 and the load modulator 319 adopt, for example,amplitude shift keying (ASK) as the modulation method. However, themodulation method adopted in the modulator 317 and the load modulator319 is not limited to the ASK. Phase shift keying (PSK), quadratureamplitude modulation (QAM), or others may be adopted as the modulationmethod in the modulator 317 and the load modulator 319. The degree ofthe modulation is not limited to a predetermined value, such as a valuefrom 8% to 30%, 50%, or 100%, and may be set to a preferred value.

The controller 321 controls each block in the active communication unit101. The power supplier 323 supplies a required power to each block inthe active communication unit 101. Referring to FIG. 4, lines indicatingthe control of each block in the active communication unit 101 by thecontroller 321 and lines indicating the supply of the power to eachblock in the secure-communication-function mounted apparatuses 1 by thepower supplier 323 are omitted for simplicity.

Although the decoder 307 and the encoder 311 process the Manchester codein this embodiment, the present invention is not limited to the abovecase. The decoder 307 and the encoder 311 may select one kind of codefrom multiple kinds of codes including not only the Manchester code butalso modified mirror and non-return-to-zero (NRZ) to process the code ofthe selected kind.

If the active communication unit 101 operates only as the target in thepassive mode, the selector 313, the electromagnetic wave outputter 315,and the modulator 317 may be removed from the active communication unit101. In this case, the power supplier 322 yields power, for example,from an external electromagnetic wave received by the antenna 301.

The secure-communication-function mounted apparatus 10 according to thisembodiment is structured so as to be capable of the communicationsaccording to one or more communication protocols, in addition to thenear field communication described above. Accordingly, the near fieldcommunication is one of the communications according to multiplecommunication protocols. The communication protocols include, inaddition to the NFC, ISO/IEC (International Organization forStandardization/International Electrotechnical Commission) 14443defining the communication with an IC card, ISO/IEC 15693 defining thecommunication with an RF tag (radio frequency tag), Bluetooth, and WLANor other communication protocols.

A series of communication processing in a communication system 100according to an embodiment will now be described with reference to FIG.5. FIG. 5 is a sequence diagram schematically showing the series ofcommunication processing in the communication system according to thisembodiment.

As shown in FIG. 5, when the secure-communication-function mountedapparatus 10 a communicates with the secure-communication-functionmounted apparatus 10 b, it is necessary to establish the securecommunication in the short range communication. Hence, thesecure-communication-function mounted apparatus 10 a is moved, inadvance, to a range in which the secure-communication-function mountedapparatus 10 a can establish the short range communication with thesecure-communication-function mounted apparatus 10 b.

A case where the secure-communication-function mounted apparatus 10 aand the secure-communication-function mounted apparatus 10 b, accordingto this embodiment, are located within a range in which the short rangecommunication can be established between them will now be described withreference to FIG. 6. FIG. 6 is a schematic diagram illustrating theshort range communication between the secure-communication-functionmounted apparatus 10 a and the secure-communication-function mountedapparatus 10 b according to this embodiment.

As shown in FIG. 6, when the secure-communication-function mountedapparatus 10 a is moved to a range, for example, of about 10 cm from thesecure-communication-function mounted apparatus 10 b, both thesecure-communication-function mounted apparatuses 10 a and 10 b arewithin the range in which the short range communication can beestablished. Secure communication is established between thesecure-communication-function mounted apparatuses 10 a and 10 b toachieve the long range data communication. Although thesecure-communication-function mounted apparatus 10 a in FIG. 6 is amobile phone and the secure-communication-function mounted apparatus 10b in FIG. 6 is a headset for the mobile phone, thesecure-communication-function mounted apparatuses 10 a and the 10 b arenot limited to this example. The headset, which is provided with aspeaker and a microphone, transmits and receives audio data to and fromthe mobile phone to realize direct communication with the mobile phoneeven if a user does not directly have the mobile phone at one ear.

The process of establishing secure communication in the short rangecommunication between the secure-communication-function mountedapparatuses 10 according to this embodiment will now be described withreference to FIGS. 7 and 8. FIGS. 7 and 8 are schematic diagramsillustrating the process of establishing secure communication in theshort range communication between the secure-communication-functionmounted apparatuses 10 according to this embodiment.

As shown in FIG. 7, the secure-communication-function mounted apparatus10 a, which is the initiator, and the secure-communication-functionmounted apparatuses 10 b and 10 a, which are the targets, are provided.The secure-communication-function mounted apparatus 10 a emits anelectromagnetic wave outside.

The secure-communication-function mounted apparatus 10 a can detect avariation of 1% or more in the magnetic field that is produced byitself. Specifically, if a variation of 1% or more in the magnetic fieldis caused by an external secure-communication-function mounted apparatus10, the secure-communication-function mounted apparatus 10 a candetermine that the variation corresponds to a response from the externalsecure-communication-function mounted apparatus 10.

As shown in FIG. 7, the secure-communication-function mounted apparatus10 b can absorb 4% of the magnetic field (or the electromagnetic wave)produced by the secure-communication-function mounted apparatus 10 a.The secure-communication-function mounted apparatus 10 b can reflect theabsorbed magnetic field so as to vary 1% or more of the generatedmagnetic field to respond to the secure-communication-function mountedapparatus 10 a.

In other words, the secure-communication-function mounted apparatus 10 bshown in FIG. 7 is located within a range of, for example, about 10 cmaway from the secure-communication-function mounted apparatus 10 a. Theshort range communication between the secure-communication-functionmounted apparatus 10 a and the secure-communication-function mountedapparatus 10 b can be established within the range.

The secure-communication-function mounted apparatus 10 c can only absorb0.5% of the magnetic field generated by thesecure-communication-function mounted apparatus 10 a. Even if thesecure-communication-function mounted apparatus 10 c reflects all theabsorbed magnetic field, the secure-communication-function mountedapparatus 10 a cannot detect a variation in the magnetic field.Consequently, the secure-communication-function mounted apparatus 10 ccannot respond to the secure-communication-function mounted apparatus 10a.

In other words, the secure-communication-function mounted apparatus 10 cis located within a range in which the short range communication withthe secure-communication-function mounted apparatus 10 a cannot beestablished.

Since the short range communication according to this embodiment canonly be established within a limited range, the risk of the datasniffing is reduced, compared with communication means having a widercommunication area, for example, having a radius of 10 m.

Next, as shown in FIG. 8( a), in order to establish the securecommunication according to this embodiment, thesecure-communication-function mounted apparatus 10 a generates anencryption key and a decryption key corresponding to the encryption key.

The encryption key is transmitted outside from thesecure-communication-function mounted apparatus 10 a over the magneticfield. Accordingly, as shown in FIG. 8( a), both thesecure-communication-function mounted apparatus 10 b and thesecure-communication-function mounted apparatus 10 c can receive thedata regardless of whether they are located within the range in whichthe short range communication can be established.

However, as shown in FIG. 8( b), the secure-communication-functionmounted apparatus 10 c cannot respond to thesecure-communication-function mounted apparatus 10 a even if thesecure-communication-function mounted apparatus 10 c receives theencryption key, as described above with reference to FIG. 7. Hence, onlythe secure-communication-function mounted apparatus 10 b can encrypt thesession key generated by itself and returns the generated session key tothe secure-communication-function mounted apparatus 10 a.

As shown in FIG. 8( c), even if the secure-communication-functionmounted apparatus 10 a decrypts the encrypted session key that isreceived, encrypts data with the session key, and transmits theencrypted data to the secure-communication-function mounted apparatus 10c, the secure-communication-function mounted apparatus 10 c cannotdecrypt the encrypted data, even if the secure-communication-functionmounted apparatus 10 c can receive the encrypted data, because there isno session key for the decryption of the encrypted data.

Accordingly, since there is no risk of the encrypted data that issniffed and decrypted if the secure-communication-function mountedapparatuses 10 are located within in the range in which the short rangecommunication cannot be established, it is possible to securelyestablish the communication. In addition, the risk of anothersecure-communication-function mounted apparatus 10 that is locatedwithin the range in which the short range communication can beestablished is very low. This is because the area in which the shortrange communication can be established is limited in space and is underthe control of the user.

The session key according to this embodiment is a one-time key used inthe long range data communication. Accordingly, a new session key isgenerated, for example, for every predetermined time or for everycommunication session, like a one-time password.

It is enough for the session key, which is first generated with therandom number, to be kept secret until the subsequent session key isnewly generated. Hence, it is sufficient for the encryption keygenerated by the asymmetric key generator 102 to have a length thatcannot be decrypted in a short time, for example, in one second beforethe session key is generated and the session key is shared between thesecure-communication-function mounted apparatuses 10. In other words, itis necessary to terminate the process of establishing securecommunication in a short period of time in order not to provide to athird party an adequate time when the first session key, which is theconfidential information, can be decrypted. Since, even if the firstsession key is sniffed, a secret key having a higher security strengthis generated at the subsequent timing and the first session key isdisposed, the first session key has no risk of being abused.

Referring back to FIG. 5, first, the active communication unit 101 inthe secure-communication-function mounted apparatus 10 a performspolling (query processing) in Step S501. The passive communication unit106 in the secure-communication-function mounted apparatus 10 b receivesthe polling and transmits a response to the polling to the activecommunication unit 101 in Step S502.

It is assumed that the secure-communication-function mounted apparatus10 a and the secure-communication-function mounted apparatus 10 a, shownin FIG. 5, are located within the range in which the short rangecommunication can be established, described above.

The active communication unit 101 receives the response transmitted fromthe passive communication unit 106 in response to the polling, generatesan encryption key and a decryption key, and transmits the encryption keyand an ID (for example, an NFC ID) allocated to the active communicationunit 101 (S503). The NFC ID corresponds to, for example, “ID A” or “IDB”, described above with reference to FIGS. 2 and 3.

After the passive communication unit 106 receives the encryption key andthe ID, the random number generator 108 generates a random number atrandom (S504). The generated random number is used as the session key,as described above.

The encryptor 107 encrypts the generated session key with the encryptionkey that has been already received (S505). The encrypted session key istransmitted to the active communication unit 101 along with an ID (forexample, an NFC ID) allocated to the passive communication unit 106(S506).

After the active communication unit 101 receives the encrypted sessionkey and the ID, the decryptor 103 decrypts the encrypted session keywith the generated decryption key (S507) to yield the session key.

The active communication unit 101 can identify the passive communicationunit 106 (the secure-communication-function mounted apparatus 10 b),which is the communication partner, on the basis of the ID received fromthe passive communication unit 106. The passive communication unit 106can identify the active communication unit 101 (thesecure-communication-function mounted apparatus 10 a), which is thecommunication partner, on the basis of the ID received along with theencryption key.

The decrypted session key is supplied to the encryptor/decryptor 105 andthe ID of the passive communication unit 106, received by the activecommunication unit 101, is supplied to the long-range communication unit104. The ID of the active communication unit 101, received by thepassive communication unit 106, is supplied to the long-rangecommunication unit 109 and the session key generated by the randomnumber generator 108 is supplied to the encryptor/decryptor 110. As aresult, both the long-range communication unit 104 and the long-rangecommunication unit 109 can identify the communication partner.

After the decryptor 103 decrypts the encrypted session key into thesession key (Step S507), the switching unit 111 transmits a switchingrequest to switch from the short range communication, such as the nearfield communication, to the long range communication using, for example,the Bluetooth, (for example, a request signal for communicationswitching or a media handover request) to the passive communication unit106 through the active communication unit 101 (S508).

The Bluetooth communication has a higher transmission speed, transmitslarge volume data more rapidly and efficiently, and has a widercommunication range, compared with the near field communication.Accordingly, it is useful to switch from the short range communicationto the long range communication, for example, when a user makes a callwith the headset without holding the mobile phone with his hand.

When the switching request is transmitted, communication informationnecessary for the long range communication is exchanged between thesecure-communication-function mounted apparatuses 10, in addition to theidentification information, such as the NFC ID, already acquired in theshort range communication. The communication information necessary forthe long range communication is exemplified by a Bluetooth deviceaddress identifying the communication partner in the long rangecommunication.

After receiving the switching request, the passive communication unit106 transmits a response (for example, a media handover response) to theswitching request transmitted from the active communication unit 101 tothe active communication unit 101 (S509). The active communication unit101 receives the response.

The secure-communication-function mounted apparatus 10 a switches fromthe short range communication by the active communication unit 101 tothe long range communication using, for example, the Bluetooth, by thelong-range communication unit 104 (handover) (S511). Thesecure-communication-function mounted apparatus 10 b switches from theshort range communication by the passive communication unit 106 to thelong range communication by the long-range communication unit 109(handover) (S510).

Sharing of the session key between the secure-communication-functionmounted apparatuses 10 a and 10 b causes the secure communication to beestablished and the short range communication between the activecommunication unit 101 and the passive communication unit 106 isterminated (S512).

Then, secure data communication is performed with the session key sharedin the short range communication between the switched long-rangecommunication unit 104 and long-range communication unit 109 (S513). Thefirst session key shared in the short range communication is newlygenerated, for example, each time the session is terminated. With thisstructure, it is possible to further improve the security, compared withthe process of establishing secure communication in the long rangecommunication. Although the common key on the basis of a common keycryptosystem is used as the session key according to this embodiment,the present invention is not limited to such a session key.

When the short range communication is switched to the long rangecommunication, the long-range communication unit 104 and the long-rangecommunication unit 109 can identify the communication partner to performthe data communication even if the communication partner is notspecified by the user.

Since the long-range communication unit 104 and the long-rangecommunication unit 109 can identify the communication partner on thebasis of the identification information (for example, the NFC ID) of thecommunication partner, already acquired in the short rangecommunication, the long-range communication unit 104 and the long-rangecommunication unit 109 do not establish the data communication withcommunication partners other than the ones identified with the acquiredidentification information. Accordingly, it is possible to preventimproper data communication with false communication partners.

As described above, when the data communication is established betweenthe secure-communication-function mounted apparatuses 10 in thecommunication system according to this embodiment, only onesecure-communication-function mounted apparatus 10 first entering thecommunication area in which the short range communication can beestablished can be identified to securely exchange the session keywithout complicated settings for the secure communication. In addition,the secure communication can be established in the long rangecommunication having a wider communication area and a highercommunication speed, compared with the short range communication, byswitching from the short range communication to the long rangecommunication and using the session key shared in the short rangecommunication.

Since the communication partner (the secure-communication-functionmounted apparatus 10) of the long range communication can be identifiedby exchanging the session key used in the short range communication, itis possible to eliminate the risk of establishing the data communicationwith an unspecified secure-communication-function mounted apparatus 10,thus easily identifying the communication partner to establish the datacommunication.

In the process of establishing secure communication in the short rangecommunication, it is sufficient for the encryption key used for keepingthe session key exchanged between the secure-communication-functionmounted apparatuses 10 secret to have a key length so as to provide astrength against identification of the session key by a third partyafter the encryption key is transmitted before the session key encryptedwith the encryption key is decrypted, the session key is exchanged, andthe long range communication is started. Hence, it is possible toefficiently perform the process of establishing secure communicationeven if the processing power, for example, the computational capacity ofeach apparatus is not so high.

It is sufficient to generate the pair of the encryption key and thedecryption key according to this embodiment, if necessary. Since adigital certificate or the like of the pair is not necessarily required,a complicated procedure for registration of the digital certificate canbe omitted.

The series of processing, described above, may be performed by dedicatedhardware or may be performed by software. If the series of processing isperformed by software, the programs in the software are installed in ageneral-purpose computer or a microcomputer. The programs may be storedin advance in a hard disk drive (HDD) included in the computer or in astorage device, such as a ROM.

The programs may be temporarily or permanently stored (recorded) in aremovable recording medium, such as a flexible disk, a CD-ROM (compactdisc read only memory), an MO (magneto-optical) disk, a DVD (digitalversatile disk), a magnetic disk, or a semiconductor memory, in additionto the above-mentioned HDD or the ROM. Such a removable recording mediummay be provided as package software.

The programs may be transferred by wireless communication from adownload site in the computer over an artificial satellite for digitalsatellite broadcasting or may be transferred by wire communication inthe computer over a network, such as a LAN (local area network) or theInternet, in addition to being installed from the removable recordingmedium in the computer. The computer receives the programs transferredin the above manner and installs the programs in the storage device.

In this description, the processing steps describing the programs whichthe computer uses to perform a variety of processing is not necessarilyperformed in time series in the order described in the sequence diagram,such as FIG. 5, and may be performed individually or in parallel(including, for example, a parallel process and an object process).

Although the wireless communication is covered in this embodiment, thepresent invention is not limited to the wireless communication. Forexample, the present invention is applicable to wire communication orcommunication in which the wireless communication is mixed with the wirecommunication.

While the present invention has been described with reference to whatare presently considered to be the preferred embodiments and theaccompanying drawings, the invention is not limited to the disclosedembodiments. On the contrary, it will be further understood by thoseskilled in the art that the invention is intended to cover variousmodifications and equivalent arrangements included within the spirit andscope of the appended claims.

Although the blocks including the asymmetric key generator 102, thedecryptor 103, the encryptor/decryptor 105, and the switching unit 111,in the secure communication apparatus 20, are described as hardware inthe above embodiments, the present invention is not limited to thisexample. For example, at least one block, among the above blocks, may bea program including one or more modules or components.

Although the blocks including the encryptor 107, the random numbergenerator 108, the encryptor/decryptor 110, and the switching unit 111,in the secure communication apparatus 22, are described as hardware inthe above embodiments, the present invention is not limited to thisexample. For example, at least one block, among the above blocks, may bea program including one or more modules or components.

Although the case in which two secure-communication-function mountedapparatuses establish the communication is exemplified in the aboveembodiments, the present invention is not limited to this example. Forexample, the present invention is applicable to a case in which threesecure-communication-function mounted apparatuses establish thecommunication. In this case, one of the threesecure-communication-function mounted apparatuses may serve as anintermediator that relays data transferred between the remaining twosecure-communication-function mounted apparatuses.

Although the secure communication apparatus 20 is separated from thesecure communication apparatus 22 in the above embodiments, the presentinvention is not limited to this example. For example, the securecommunication apparatus 20 and the secure communication apparatus 22 maybe integrated into the secure-communication-function mounted apparatus10 as a single apparatus.

Industrial Applicability

The present invention is applicable to a communication system and asecure communication apparatus, which are capable of transmitting andreceiving data by wireless communication.

1. A communication system, comprising: a first communication apparatusincluding first short-range communication means for transmitting aninquiry signal to a short-range external communication apparatus viaelectromagnetic waves and waiting for a response to the inquiry signal;first long-range communication means for communicating viaelectromagnetic waves in a range wider than a communication area of thefirst short-range communication means; first switching means forswitching to the first short-range communication means or the firstlong-range communication means; and asymmetric key generating means forgenerating an encryption key and a decryption key corresponding to theencryption key, the encryption key and the decryption key beingasymmetric to each other, and a second communication apparatus includingsecond short-range communication means for receiving the inquiry signalfrom a short-range external communication apparatus and transmitting aresponse signal in response to the inquiry signal; second long-rangecommunication means for communicating via electromagnetic waves in arange wider than a communication area of the second short-rangecommunication means; second switching means for switching to the secondshort-range communication means or the second long-range communicationmeans; session key generating means for generating a random number andusing the random number to generate a session key; and encrypting meansfor encrypting the session key, wherein the second communicationapparatus uses the encryption key transmitted from the firstcommunication apparatus to encrypt the session key into an encryptedsession key and transmits the encrypted session key to the firstcommunication apparatus, and the first communication apparatus uses thedecryption key to decrypt the encrypted session key into the session keyand transmits to the second communication apparatus a communicationswitching request signal to request a switching from a short-rangecommunication by the first and second short-range communication means toa long-range communication, with the session key, by the first andsecond long-range communication means of the first and secondcommunication apparatuses.
 2. The communication system according toclaim 1, wherein the first short-range communication means transmitsfirst identification information allocated to the first short-rangecommunication means to the second short-range communication means alongwith the encryption key, and the second short-range communication meanstransmits second identification information allocated to the secondshort-range communication means to the first short-range communicationmeans along with the encrypted session key to provide identificationinformation of communication partners to the first and second long-rangecommunication means of the first and second communication apparatuses.3. A communication apparatus, comprising: short-range communicationmeans for transmitting an inquiry signal to a short-range externalcommunication apparatus via electromagnetic waves and waiting for aresponse to the inquiry signal; long-range communication means forcommunicating via electromagnetic waves in a range wider than acommunication area of the short-range communication means; switchingmeans for switching to the short-range communication means or thelong-range communication means; and asymmetric key generating means forgenerating an encryption key and a decryption key corresponding to theencryption key, the encryption key and the decryption key beingasymmetric to each other, wherein the communication apparatus uses thedecryption key to decrypt an encrypted session key transmitted from anexternal communication apparatus and transmits to the externalcommunication apparatus a communication switching request signal torequest a switching from a short-range communication by the short-rangecommunication means to a long-range communication, with the session key,by the long-range communication means.
 4. The communication apparatusaccording to claim 3, wherein the short-range communication meanstransmits first identification information allocated to the short-rangecommunication means to the external communication apparatus along withthe encryption key, and receives second identification informationallocated to the external communication apparatus from the externalcommunication apparatus along with the encrypted session key to provideidentification information of communication partners to the externalcommunication apparatus and the long-range communication means of thecommunication apparatus.
 5. A communication apparatus, comprising:short-range communication means for receiving an inquiry signal from ashort-range external communication apparatus and transmitting a responsesignal in response to the inquiry signal; long-range communication meansfor communicating via electromagnetic waves in a range wider than acommunication area of the short-range communication means; switchingmeans for switching to the short-range communication means or thelong-range communication means; session key generating means forgenerating a random number and using the random number to generate asession key; and encrypting means for encrypting the session key,wherein the communication apparatus uses an encryption key transmittedfrom an external communication apparatus to encrypt the session key intoan encrypted session key, transmits the encrypted session key to theexternal communication apparatus, and receives from the externalcommunication apparatus a communication switching request signal torequest a switching from a short-range communication by the short-rangecommunication means to a long-range communication, with the session key,by the long-range communication means.
 6. The communication apparatusaccording to claim 5, wherein the short-range communication meansreceives first identification information allocated to the externalcommunication apparatus along with the encryption key, and transmitssecond identification information allocated to the short-rangecommunication means to the external communication apparatus along withthe encrypted session key to provide identification information ofcommunication partners to the external communication apparatus and thelong-range communication means of the communication apparatus.
 7. Thecommunication system according to claim 1, wherein the response signalrepresents a reflection by the second communication apparatus of apredetermined percentage of the electromagnetic waves produced by thefirst short-range communication means to the first communicationapparatus.
 8. The communication system according to claim 7, wherein thefirst communication apparatus determines the second communicationapparatus is within a range for the short-range communication based on adetection of a predetermined percentage variation in the electromagneticwaves generated by the first short-range communication means.
 9. Thecommunication system according to claim 1, wherein the firstcommunication apparatus transmits the communication switching requestsignal in response to a receipt of the session key from the secondcommunication apparatus.
 10. The communication system according to claim1, wherein the second switching means switches to the long-rangecommunication by the second long-range communication means in responseto a receipt of the communication switching request signal from thefirst communication apparatus.
 11. The communication system according toclaim 1, wherein the second communication apparatus transmits a requestresponse signal to the first communication apparatus in response to areceipt of the communication switching request signal from the firstcommunication apparatus.
 12. The communication system according to claim11, wherein the first switching means switches to the long-rangecommunication by the first long-range communication means in response toa receipt of the request response signal from the second communicationapparatus.
 13. The communication apparatus according to claim 2, whereinthe first identification information must be received by the firstcommunication apparatus and the second identification information mustbe received by the second communication apparatus before switching tothe first and second long-range communication means.
 14. A communicationapparatus, comprising: a short-range communication unit configured toreceive an inquiry signal from a short-range external communicationapparatus and to transmit a response signal in response to the inquirysignal; a long-range communication unit configured to communicate viaelectromagnetic waves in a range wider than a communication area of theshort-range communication unit; a switching unit configured to switch tothe short-range communication unit or the long-range communication unit;a session key generating unit configured to generate a random number andto use the random number to generate a session key; and an encryptingunit configured to encrypt the session key, wherein the communicationapparatus uses an encryption key transmitted from an externalcommunication apparatus to encrypt the session key into an encryptedsession key, transmits the encrypted session key to the externalcommunication apparatus, and receives from the external communicationapparatus a communication switching request signal to request aswitching from a short-range communication by the short-rangecommunication unit to a long-range communication, with the session key,the long-range communication unit.